Document Type

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Department

Biology

Program Name/Specialization

Biological and Chemical Sciences

Faculty/School

Faculty of Science

First Advisor

Kelly Munkittrick

Advisor Role

Supervisor

Second Advisor

Scott Smith

Advisor Role

Co-Supervisor

Abstract

Over the last 50 years, improvements in design of industrial facilities have significantly reduced environmental impacts. But impacts still occur and monitoring programs are the main mechanism to inform when modification/implementation of mitigation is needed. Informed decisions require adequate baseline (pre-development) data to predict impacts based on the development’s design and to understand when the post-development environment has changed. An adaptive monitoring plan provides an effective way to evaluate monitoring results and allow for proactive responses to environmental change before impacts become difficult or challenging to reverse. Unfortunately, baseline data gathered during an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is often inadequate to support an effective post-development adaptive monitoring plan. The primary objective of this dissertation was to demonstrate how post-development monitoring can be improved through forethought during the baseline and predictive assessment phases of an EIA.

Interpreting the key ecosystem attributes through a lens of ecosystem services that fish require defines measurable attributes that should form key components of pre-development and post-development evaluation and can aid in developing consistency across the phases of an EIA. A review of Canadian hydroelectric facility EIAs concluded that adaptive management would be improved if EIAs do more quantitative modeling that links to adaptive monitoring plans based on better pre-development baselines. A case study evaluated how fish surveys could be used to develop thresholds and decision points and concluded that more than four years of data are needed to develop sensitive monitoring and forecast triggers. Consistent times and locations are required for both adult and young-of-the-year sampling to ensure that data can be compared between years.

Practitioners should consider what is needed for an effective assessment and post-development adaptive monitoring plan early in the EIA process (i.e., before project specific baseline data collection starts) to ensure there is enough data to calculate quantitative models to estimate impacts and to be able to determine when post-development change has occurred. If we don’t have the proper information to evaluate if there is an impact and to define the cause, then monitoring has failed. Improvement of EIA and post-development monitoring will better focus environmental protection and adaptive management.

Convocation Year

2024

Convocation Season

Fall

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