Document Type

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Department

Psychology

Program Name/Specialization

Developmental Psychology

Faculty/School

Faculty of Science

First Advisor

Dr. Alexandra Gottardo

Advisor Role

Professor

Abstract

This dissertation examines the integration of first-generation migrants in Canada, focusing on the constructs of acculturation, language proficiency, and mental health. With nearly a quarter of Canada's population comprising migrants (Statistics Canada, 2022), understanding their adjustment is critical. Acculturation, language proficiency, and mental health can all have an impact on the success of migrants in their new country (Balidemaj et al. 2019; Brance et al. 2023; Iversen et al. 2014; Rousseau et al. 2019; Rashtchi et al. 2012; Salami et al. 2019). There are a limited number of studies examining these variables in relation to certain migrant groups, such as refugees within the Canadian context (Maehler, 2021). This dissertation intends to extend our knowledge of relations among mental health, acculturation and language proficiency through four studies. Study 1 examined newcomer migrants' demographics, mental health, and language acquisition compared to those of the Canadian-born population. This study uses two large datasets to underscore the significance of language proficiency in shaping health trajectories. Study 2 narrowed the focus on Iranian immigrants as a specific ethnic group. This study revealed the important associations between acculturation strategies and first-generation immigrants’ mental health. Studies 3 (Time 1) and 3 (Time 2) further examined the relationships among mental health, language acquisition, and acculturation among first-generation immigrants. Findings indicate that while examining the large datasets, duration of residence shows some associations with mental health effects, but the effect size is very small. A more focused examination of these variables facilitated by Study 2 and Study 3 (Time 1 and Time 2) revealed that acculturation strategies and language proficiency significantly influence mental health, while the length of stay in Canada is not associated with mental health outcomes when other variables are included. The results derived from both standardized measures and interviews revealed that an integrative acculturation strategy is associated with better mental health outcomes. The findings from this dissertation advocate for policies that support bi-cultural identity, maintaining heritage culture appears beneficial for adjustment and well-being. Acquiring the mainstream culture may increase awareness of mental health resources, discover paths to receive treatment, and communicate mental health needs. The results underscore the importance of continued, diverse longitudinal research to enrich the understanding of immigrants’ experiences. Further implications for each study are discussed.

Convocation Year

2024

Convocation Season

Fall

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